PPTX PowerPoint Presentation Consumerism in healthcare is not merely about supporting hospitals, insurance companies and other businesses. Aggregative Consequentialism = which consequences are best is some function of the values of parts of those consequences (as opposed to rankings of whole worlds or sets of consequences). Consequentialism is the theory in moral philosophy that says our actions should aim at producing the best consequences. VAD can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead to blindness if untreated, reduced immune system response, and an increase in the severity and mortality risk of infections. The result justifies the means are based on a consequentialism. Consequentialism and Moral Responsibility - University of Pennsylvania 2020 Feb;27(1):258-272. doi: 10.1177/0969733019832941. 1-2.) The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. Accessed March 28, 2017. 2. PART 1 . Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 8600 Rockville Pike Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. For the consequentialist it is obvious that the right choice for Jim would be to kill one Indian in order to save the lives of the other nineteen. Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Consequentialism is a type of normative ethical theory which states that the moral quality of an action is completely determined by its consequences, and nothing else. Decision-making; ethics of care; interprofessional working; moral dissonance; moral distress; nursepatient relationships; professional ethics; qualitative research; virtue ethics. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, Pub L No. This structure means that the ends often justify the means when seeking to create a specific result. Keywords: consequentialism in what makes the patient and everyone else happy with the outcome, and societal impacts with regards to the distribution of resources and the overall positive outcome to society. Consequentialism. Nurses use these in contributing to the resolution of these dilemmas. Baum S. Using facial recognition and AI to confirm medication adherence, AiCure raises $12.25M. With a little help from Batman, Hank explains the principle of utility, and the d For more information on consequentialism and utilitarianism follow the links below: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill-moral-political/, https://ethics.org.au/ethics-explainer-consequentialism/, All Content is the property of Keerut Oberai unless stated otherwise or an external link.Made with Squarespace. Updated October 19, 2016. Particularly in Italy, where the death toll and strain on hospitals has reached a critical point, there is a policy now to prioritise treating younger patients and healthcare workers. Non-consequentialism, the person as an end-in-itself, and the significance of status. One potential issue is that of liability. Utilitarianism in Public Health January 2016 . By looking at the two ethical strands side-by-side we can quickly see that Deontology is distinctly focused on the individual, whereas Utilitarianism places importance on . Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. PMC As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. Smart and Bernard Williams, 1973. The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. Consequentialism and the Law in Medicine - Oxford Academic 14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such . We will close by outlining the areas where consequentialism is at odds with current medical law and how medical law should evolve according to consequentialism. 2012 Jul;68(7):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05897.x. Any prior commitments are disregarded or, if taken into consideration, are unlikely to have any substantial effect on the outcome. Consequentialism and the Law in Medicine - PubMed AWB. Published November 9, 2017. Consequentialism - Ethics Unwrapped Articles, podcasts, videos, research & courses tackling the issues that matter. government site. Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. Subsequent actions are mediated though ethical decision-making frames of reference including deontology, consequentialism, the ethics of care and virtue ethics. A requirement to uphold the confidentiality of information shared in the physician-patient relationship is a central tenet of medical professionalism that, while at risk and undermined in various ways in modern medicine [1], has been consistently endorsed from the time of Hippocrates. We will have to remember as a society that, of all the things a person might do at any given moment, the morally right action is the one with the best overall consequences. Consequentialism is a normative ethics theory whereby the ends justify the means; in other words, the consequence of an action justifies the moral acceptability of an action of the means taken to reach that end. It emphasises four key ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, which are shared by most ethical theories, and blends these with virtues and practical wisdom. consequentialism can give us an account of responsibility. Ethics - Introduction to ethics: Consequentialism - Logo of the BBC arXiv. health ethics. P2. Katy Baker studied Philosophy at the University of Kent and is now part of the Philosophy Now team. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in his/her doctor, and perhaps doctors generally, resulting in him/her not accessing healthcare in the future with a detrimental effect on his/her (and others?) By continuing to browse the site with cookies enabled in your browser, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our privacy policy. Mack H. FDNA launches app-based tool for clinicians using facial recognition, AI and genetic big data to improve rare disease diagnosis and treatment. Background: Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. 1992 Fall;21(4):354-89. Unit 5 Assignment Learning Aim B - StuDocu Furthermore, whilst the consequentialist can agree that the individual agents integrity should not be ignored, as Williams explains, (h)is own substantial projects and commitments come into it, but only as one lot among others. (Ethics, 1994) As our integrity is one among many others and consequentialism expects us all to take an impersonal standpoint, it would follow that everyone would need to disregard their personal commitments, which is likely to lead in turn to overall unhappiness, a problem for a moral theory with hedonistic tendencies. BBC - Ethics - Introduction to ethics: Ethics: a general introduction Ethics in Health and Social Care - Why Are Ethics Essential for - UKCBC You must recall and relate knowledge of how the professionals in the case studies promote equality and diversity and the skills and attributes needed to do this.. 25 (4). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. As Peter Railton says: The alienation of some individuals or groups from their milieu may at times be necessary for fundamental social criticism or cultural innovation (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs 1984). Certainly, the use of utilitarian ethics in medical contexts is not without controversy and this is something which we shall next by looking at a well-known objection to utilitarianism using a thought experiment: The objection is that by only focusing on objectively promoting the greatest good, utilitarians can permit and indeed claim that certain actions, which appear morally wrong, are in fact the right action. Is it ethical to allow some people to suffer so more people can live well? Robert Torrance continues a debate, started by Charlotte Blease in an earlier issue of the Journal of Medical Ethics, about what conditions must be met in order for patients to consent to receive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ( see page 371 ). Consequentialism is a rival to such moral theories as deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. Epub 2011 Dec 6. The consequence of consequentialism is that by taking an impersonal standpoint we alienate ourselves and whilst the consequentialist can argue that this should be a virtue, the expected result of unhappiness shows its inadequacy for this is a high price to pay for a view that values happiness. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Understanding the Ethical Theories in Medical Practice To demonstrate this I will use an adapted version of John Harris Survival Lottery thought experiment (this thought experiment is a theoretical example used to highlight the objection and is not to be taken literally): Let us imagine we have five patients who require organ transplants. He is likely to have his own commitments in which murder (rather than letting others die) would go against his most fundamental beliefs. Julian Savulescu and Dominic Wilkinson 2019. Consequentialism in scenario. The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism | Oxford Academic Epub 2014 Sep 24. 2017;242:797-804. 13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Utilitarianism Theory - Green Garage Deontological Ethics - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy PDF 4 Specific ethical considerations for genetic issues in healthcare - UKCEN You can read four articles free per month. Even if nobody would be hurt, our speeding laws mean less people are harmed overall. When deciding on questions of what is ethically right or wrong utilitarians want to maximise the overall amount of happiness or welfare. Caring for parents: a consequentialist approach | SpringerLink Virtue ethics: focusing on the moral character, or . In this particular case, a foreign power decides to hear the cries of the oppressed and begins to lend its diplomatic and political support to make a moral claim for whatever sort of intervention to resolve the conflict. Daniel Schiff, MS and Jason Borenstein, PhD, Confidentiality/Duty to protect confidential information, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/, http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html, https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/, https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app, https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning, https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/, https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/, http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx, https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. The legal and ethical concerns that arise from using complex predictive analytics in health care. 7. Geriatr Nurs. Forbes. If Jim refuses to kill anyone then he is therefore responsible for the deaths of the others. The Ethical Theory. Examining hospital staff members' preferences for allocating a ventilator to a COVID-19 patient with and without Alzheimer's disease. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Brittany Hollister, PhD and Vence L. Bonham, JD, Ethical Dimensions of Using Artificial Intelligence in Health Care. Events and interactive experiences exploring ethics of being human. One World Identity. So what exactly is wrong with it? Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. Four major themes emerged: 'best for the patient', 'accountability', 'collaboration and conflict' and 'concern for others'. Nurses require the skills to develop and maintain professional relationships for addressing ethical dilemmas and to engage with political and organisational macro- and micro-decision-making. Knight W. Theres a big problem with AI: even its creators cant explain how it works. PMC Consequentialism In Medical Ethics - 1281 Words | Cram 101-336, 104 Stat 327. Confidentiality: Concealing "Things Shameful to be Spoken About" 1828 Words8 Pages. Is it better to give my money to charity or spend it studying medicine so I can save lives? Accessed October 26, 2018. Consequentialist & Non-Consequentialist Views of Morality In: Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law. 2021 Jul-Aug;42(4):787-791. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.020. Abbasinia M, Norouzadeh R, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Nasiri MA, Sharifipour E, Koohpaei A, Eskandari N, Aghaie B. Moral distress was also evident in the literature and findings, with moral dissonance recognised and articulated by more experienced nurses. Beneficence and non-maleficence to weigh out the benefits and the duty of doing no harm to subsequently consider what is in the patient's best interest.
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