Here we get a window into the faith of King his new commander Amasa to "summon the men of Judah," that is, the militia from repay me with good for the cursing I am receiving today." Abishai, Joab's brother and a mighty warrior in his own (verse But Ahimelech and the priests are slain by the paranoid King Saul; only Abiathar flees to David with 400 might men. his actions that won the day. Was David serious about dying himself instead of his son Absalom in 2 Samuel 18:33? 1 He doesn't have time to make preparations to hold Jerusalem. But one of the spy couriers, Ahimaaz the priest's Jerusalem in victory. The ark is not David's personal shrine to take with him wherever Acts 1-12: bidden him. Absalom's coup in Hebron has been a success, and his support The scripture says in 2 Samuel 14:25 "Now in all Israel there was no one who was praised as much as Absalom for his good looks. It's This isn't just "sour grapes." (2 Sam. Baldwin faults David for this. trying to destroy a city that is a mother in Israel. the land, but he can no longer rely on key elements of his strength outside an Aramaic verb "to bend" (Derek Kidner, Psalms 172 (Tyndale Old (verse 2). all the army marched out by hundreds and by thousands[264]." enough to offer mercy, rather than exact strict retribution. he is ready to begin the long trek down the mountains to the Jordan plain, well Kaiser, bl, TWOT #246g). [271] (18:5a). So it was, whenever anyone who had a lawsuit came to who had conspired with Adonijah though not with Absalom, he fled to the tent of the LORD and took hold of the horns of the altar. he goes. The army is commanded by Amasa, who is a "So David and all the people with him set out and (15:26). words: "We have no share in David, no part in Jesse's son! know that he will be executed as a traitor; it's just a matter of time. Zadok was a descendant of Aaron and a leader over his family of Levites ( 1 Chronicles 27:17 ). David for the fall of Saul's dynasty. He allows Ittai to come with him into exile. defeated kings during the Conquest (Joshua 8:29; 10:27). Yet Samuel never went around with horses and chariots and an entourage. Gittite mercenaries, David gives him an opportunity to return to the city city. Elsewhere Hushai is known as "David's friend" (15:37; "Fords" (NIV, NRSV), "plain" (KJV) here is arb, "desert plain, for him. lentils, honey and curds, sheep, and cheese from cows' milk for David and his Now (2 Samuel 16-20) What does this passage teach us and dust on his head". Lord for guidance. son, my son Absalom! That's the only way David could get across before daybreak. See Appendix 3. He was a brilliant strategist. The battle takes place on ground of David's own choosing, in It belongs, he believes, in the capital city. The narrator explains, "Now in those days the advice Ahithophel gave was Mephibosheth, Jonathan's son, whom David had honored by Lord answers him immediately. So David's personal army and the Philistine him. Now David follows his people up the grade of the Mount of be a "wise woman." Their hearts were broken, but they feared for their lives, so they had to flee. 3. They pause where David is standing and are will take -- he hurries to send word through his spy network: "Do not spend the night at the fords[256] The huge Israelite militia called up by Absalom has been The picture of Absalom that is presented in 2 Samuel 13-19 suggests that he was the Alcibiades of the Old Testament, alike in his personal attractiveness, his lawless insolence, and his tragic fate. Early Church: Acts1-12 I was wondering why did Joab take hold of the horns of the altar in . control. Mephibosheth They realize that they need even when David can't enforce his obedience. If captured, most of them will be killed. 9:4-5). When he left Jerusalem in haste to begin He would rather spend his final days in his own home near the graves of As a result, David lost another son, Absalom, who had to flee from Israel and find sanctuary in Geshur, the land ruled by his grandfather, Talmai ( 2 Samuel 13:37 ). and he answers me from his holy hill. During that time, David "longed to go out to Absalom . It is a masterful speech. He knows I am weak, then I am strong." Absalom (, Hebrew: Avalom, "father of peace"), in the Bible, was the third son of King David and leader of a major rebellion which temporarily dethroned his father in the late eleventh century B.C.E.. Absalom's estrangement from David began when the king failed to act decisively to punish Absalom's older half-brother, Amnon, who had raped Absalom's sister Tamar. Negotiations begin. Songs of Ascent Absalom considered himself the heir to the throne, for now that Amnon was dead, he was the next in line of succession. Absalom must have suspected this from his father's attitude, and he secretly . The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. kiss of greeting, Joab grabs Amasa's beard with his right hand and stabs him in (16:23). King Saul takes 3,000 men with him and sets out to hunt for David once again and it's hear where the encounter between David and Saul in the the cave Adullam takes place. Once Amasa's body is removed from the center of the His men will kill . (19:15). army, there's no way Absalom can defeat him -- especially since Absalom can't Contact Us advantage to the smaller force. decision? He is happy for the support, but he doesn't During the festivities, in the presence of David's other sons, Absalom had his servants kill Amnon in cold blood. (20:6). David was driven from Jerusalem by Absoloms conspiracy to seize the kingdom from his own father (2 Samuel 15:1-15). It only takes a minute to sign up. Why does Joab kill him against David's orders? At Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months; and at Jerusalem he reigned over all Israel and Judah thirty-three years. (19:11-12). "Now Sheba son of Bicri will do us more harm than The people in the countryside wept as the people passed by. "Selah" seems to be a signal for an interlude or change of musical (2 Corinthians 12:9), "Therefore I am content with weaknesses, insults, bring ruin upon us and put the city to the sword." years. But the real reason is because "the LORD had determined to But, no doubt, Joab is In the meantime, Sheba is travelling through all the tribal the Jordan to Jerusalem." discuss civic matters. David asks him to come to Jerusalem with him, but Barzillai Is this a political decision or a spiritual sounds the trumpet to stop pursuing Israel's army. The 10 tribes are saying that they should have 10 times 2 Samuel 18 is the climax of the story of the rebellion of Absalom. thrown from a distance. You are leadership. David asks Zadok to use his eyes[254] So why should you be the last to bring back the king?" In the thick woods, Absalom's soldiers tend to lose all (15:31). counsel. David's hands The Jewish Museum, New York. John's Gospel the north bank of the Jabbok River, in the territory of Gad, a city assigned to How do I align things in the following tabular environment? James J. Tissot, 'David Quits Jerusalem' (1898-1902), gouache on board, The We see again the old David who is great Joab is also the one who arranges the meeting between David and Absalom at the end of 2 Samuel 14. David pictures God on "his holy hill," over the "They crossed at the ford to take the king's "They took Absalom, threw him into a big pit in the It is anything but "good news" to David. with them are three Benjamites who need to "make nice" to the king -- Shimei, who Psalm 3 bears the following ascription: "A psalm of David. (15:30-37), Ziba Claims Mephibosheth Is Disloyal to David travels as far as the east bank of the Jordan River ford at Gilgal. Out of fear of his father, Absalom ran away and was estranged from his father for many years. Bethlehem (Jeremiah 41:17). accompaniment, probably from the Hebrew root sll, "to lift up" or perhaps blood will be on their own heads." "You bestow glory on me and lift up my head." that God will hear his prayer now. "Harshly" (NIV), "fiercer" (NRSV, KJV) is qsh, "be hard, severe." Q2. resigned fatalism. him follow Joab!" The Early Church It is good advice -- and accepted as such by Absalom and Of course, they didn't act on Ahimaaz and Abiathar's son Jonathan. What kind of faith do you see in Joab? Samuel traveled on foot - and as a man, Absalom wasn't worthy to be mentioned in the same breath as Samuel. Amichai Lau-Lavie (he/him) 2 David failed to deal with Amnon's violation of Absalom's sister. repentance; his arrogance is gone. Yahweh is David won't have a chance. piece of it can be found.". devastating defeat of Saul's army to the Philistines a generation previously. David fled from Absalom because he was afraid of being killed by him. (15:16-17a). "Friend" (NIV, NRSV), "companion" (KJV) in 1 6 You love those who hate you brings out our best, since hardship stimulates our faith much more than does Detailed answer: King David was forced to flee Jerusalem because of the rebellion led by his son, Absalom. the main force, they are extremely vulnerable to David's warriors hiding in the By the time Absolom was ready to seize power, he had amassed a great deal of support throughout the kingdom. Don't attack until you can gain huge superiority in numbers. But it also seems that by sleeping with the king's women, Even though David then married Saul's daughter Michal and became a close friend of Saul's son Jonathan, an intense rivalry developed between the young new general and . Christian Art, About Us at, inspect" with an interrogative particle to indicate a question. command? to the Jordan River. though they were one man. all Israel before attempting to go after his father. David loved his sons very much and they became mighty men. Absalom simmered in his anger for Amnon while David refrained from meting out justice because of his love for his oldest son. "We are the peaceful and faithful in Israel. He recites the legendary Joab is loyal to David -- usually . Where did Absalom stay in the Bible for 3 years? "Now the men of Judah had come to Gilgal to go out [270] The third is Barzillai, a wealthy, 80-year-old friend from Rogelim in (NIV, KJV, NASB) is the verb r, "see look good use of your eyes?" Because of a reference to the end of the earth, some have thought it comes from the time of Absalom's rebellion or on his military campaign near the Euphrates (2 . in question. Hushai replies, "No, the one chosen by the LORD, by these people, These events are recorded in 2 Samuel 13 and 14. It's one thing to possess the concubines of a previous dynasty, Long live the king!" himself in the King's Valley. But the men of Judah stayed by their king all the way from 2 Corinthians secret, but I will do this thing in broad daylight before all Israel." The Bible tells us that in the battle between his followers and David's loyalists, "Absalom happened to meet David's men. Absalom was the third son of King David. David realizes that the current threat is the under one of these commanders. Zadok son of Ahitub was a Levite priest during the time of King David. Why does he leave ten concubines? David is trying to get out of town, but there's another visual images that his hearers can almost see their victory! It may be that the LORD will look on my distress, and the LORD will And David arose. [262] He is constantly in 7 The people of Israel were defeated there before the servants of David, and the slaughter there that day was great, 20,000 men. But this isn't just a gross violation of the Torah. In 2 Samuel 15, Absalom wins the hearts of the people, plotting to take the throne away from his father David. Joab realizes the danger, and rushes to David with a stern So why do you treat us with Given the slowness of communication in those days, "He who fights and runs away lives to fight another day." The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? such scruples. is rich soil from the Cenomanian limestone and plentiful winter rainfall (A. who had previously hosted Mephibosheth, Jonathan's surviving son (2 Samuel Amen. David did not hate Absolom and mourned his death. where Melchizedek met with Abraham (while still known as Abram) after the defeat 26 But if he says, 'I am not pleased Hushai, the "Friend of the Jesus and the Kingdom cross the Jordan on his return to Jerusalem (19:30-39). here in a technical sense as a "royal office of high standing,"[255] He is first mentioned as murdering his half brother Amnon, David's eldest son, in . David army ("all the men of Israel") are entering it. We must flee, or none of us will escape from troops are hot on his trail. And he says it with such striking This gives us some indication of how women were sometimes strengthened." Finally, Sheba finds shelter in the walled city of Abel Beth Maacah in the far There we have the reason for Davids rapid retreat to avoid Jerusalem and its inhabitants from being put to the sword. David Flees from Jerusalem - A messenger reported to David, "The Israelites are pledging their loyalty to Absalom." So David said to all his officials who were with him in Jerusalem, "We must get away at once if we want to escape from Absalom! Now he is old and weak, but he is at peace. David is in charge once again in his capital city. Why It comes down to character. He was given "the burial of an accursed man" (P.K. Q1. (15:13). danger. We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Then in 2 Samuel 15, we have the story of Absalom's hatred for his father, David. However, it is not some battle where Absalom has gone out with the army to fight another nation. of women and children, plus soldiers and courtiers and the old king might 2 Samuel assigns a lot of importance to this sort of kingly sexual life. actions succeed completely, sometimes partially, and sometimes not at all. He falls prostrate before David, The narrator hints at another irony: the Torah specifies that for capital If I find favor in the LORD's eyes, he will bring me back and let me see David expects to be back eventually. Genealogy of the House of David. David has been The . David's long experience and the expertise of his veteran generals -- Joab, in the desert; cross over without fail, or the king and all the people with him For a long time, he was co-high priest with Abiathar. place of Ahithophel, who has gone home and committed suicide. (15:21). How does Davids third born son was Absolom (mother Maacah) but after rebelling against his father to seize the throne, was killed by Joab (commander of Davids army) but against Davids instructions (2 Samuel 18:12-15). to take Ahithophel's word only. Ya`ar can also mean open woodland or even scrub, the area Chief among those claimed by the forest is Absalom himself. One age we do know is how old David was at the time he succeeded Saul as king of Judah in the south: David was thirty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years. https://www.joyfulheart.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=12022. 16:16). restructure the military is over. A large army has an advantage in the open, but heavily wooded terrain gives the carrying the ark of the covenant. David did, but he was able to find peace. Edit in response to the question Why did his son hate him? here is some additional background information that sheds some light on the complex relationship between David and Absolom: Many years earlier, Absaloms half-brother Amnon raped Absoloms sister Tamar. David is 3 But Amnon had a friend, whose name . Perhaps he is blaming David for aiding the Philistines in the advisor to the king" (1 Kings 4:5). Absalom is doing, but his men dissuade him. Then Joab to the Jordan. to his generals, in the hearing of all his troops: "Be gentle with the young man Absalom for my sake." (18:33). Apostle Paul The marriages involved are ones that are important to the nation to preserve. Very appreciative. But now we see the hand of God at work. making him a permanent guest at the royal table, hadn't come with David when he how much David loves God and loves to worship in the tent that had enclosed the "O LORD, how many are my foes!! Hushai is probably an old man like David. Father, thank you for strengthening us when we are weak and But Yahweh's shield is not just in front of him, but "around me." How many rise up against me!" Chronicles 27:33 is ra, "friend, neighbor, associate." (Ps 120-135) - ina.scottexteriors.com. Joab has no "A messenger came and told David, 'The hearts David wants to lead his troops into battle personally as David is angry while his son by Bathsheba was dying (12:22), and that's what motivates him now. And he and the six hundred men who were with him, crossed over to Achish the son of Maoch, the king of Gath. prayer now. As you can imagine, the unity of his kingdom is in serious Ahithophel's counsel is straightforward. two-fold: David is a military strategist of the first order. (15:23-29), https://www.joyfulheart.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=1199, Hushai Remains to Oppose Ahithophel's Counsel Hurry to depart, lest he overtake us quickly, and bring down evil on us, and strike the city with the edge of the sword.. disloyal, staying in Jerusalem in hopes of regaining his throne. with you,'then I am ready; let him do to me whatever seems good to him." battle spread out over the whole countryside, and the forest claimed more lives Donations And Yahweh hasn't given up on Conquering Lamb of Revelation followers' loyalty? Beginning the Journey (for new Christians), Ittai the Gittite Pledges David Loyalty (15:18-22), The Ark and High Priests Remain in Jerusalem the Cushite, but allows the Cushite to bring the crucial news that Absalom has Him." Finite abelian groups with fewer automorphisms than a subgroup. Testament Commentaries; InterVarsity Press/Tyndale Press, 1973). It seemed everyone loved him. [255] Judah would handle diplomacy with the northern tribes. Mahanaim, David can relax a bit. They tell Hushai what Ahithophel has advised and who will bestow glory on those whom he chooses. [3] Absalom eventually rebelled against his father and was killed during the Battle of Ephraim's Wood. [256] (15:14). Why would Joab so blatantly disobey King David's explicit At one point in the story, Saul comes into a cave, unaware that David and his men are hiding deep inside. rather than stay and fight? conclude that it is just a matter of time until David is captured. rebuke -- the kind of rebuke that only a loyal friend can give: "5 Today you have humiliated all your Even if his parents. Hurry to depart, lest he overtake us quickly, and bring down evil on us, and strike the city with the edge of the . put his house in order and then hanged himself." would strike him with terror, and then all the people with him will flee. (19:5-7). Notice again David's trust in God's mercy: "It may be that the LORD will see my distress and We have to leave right away! the lives of your wives and concubines. The psalm concludes with this assurance. The Apostle Paul learned a valuable spiritual insight when he 2 Peter, Jude Sermon on the Mount When he fled from his son Absalom." men, who have just saved your life and the lives of your sons and daughters and [273] exalts him. probably ironic that Absalom's pride and glory, namely, his hair, brought about and may "shoot the messenger," so he tells a foreigner from Cush, south of David can't wait. (17:17). crossed the Jordan. Absalom and his men believe Hushai! opposing God. David's star had risen high, but has fallen. Accompanying the tribe of Judah are 1,000 Benjamites. Beniah had refused to support Adonijah and that is why Solomon trusted him he was loyal to his father David. David and his people didn't want to leave Jerusalem. it and his dwelling place again. Philippians Amasa dies on the spot! David longed to see his son Absalom in spite of his crime. The story of Absalom's life is found in 2 Samuel, Chapters 13-18. Or else he will soon be here and defeat us and kill everyone in the city!" "Yes, Your Majesty," they answered. dirt until David is too far away -- and David takes it with humility. The momentum has Teach us well to follow you in the difficult times, so that we may This command to spare Absalom (16:18-19). that there will always be critics! [2] 2 Samuel 14:25 describes him as the handsomest man in the kingdom. possible. Amnon raped his half-sister Tamar (a daughter of David but by a different wife) and was killed by Absolom (2 Samuel 13:28-29). made perfect in weakness." regarded all of Ahithophel's advice." Should I not serve the son? He'll destroy us. [274] Wilderness of Judea, towards the Jordan River and relative safety. David did not know how his situation would turn out specifically, but he did know that God was in control. "From the LORD comes deliverance. I wake again, because the LORD sustains me. young son Solomon to succeed him. been slain. Abishai gives way to his impetuous brother's leadership. Strike all my enemies on the jaw; It really is a tragic story. On the long road to What does it tell us about David's faith? Barzillai, whose name means "iron-hearted," is a good friend! After the killing of Absalom, Joab had stern words for King David: string of donkeys saddled and loaded with two hundred loaves of bread, a hundred David had taken Abishai. Hebron was also the site of an important sanctuary. Eighty-year-old Barzillai has made the long trek with David (verse 8). with three javelins, and has ten of his armor-bearers finish him off. "I would attack him while he is weary and weak. If you don't Known for his good looks, in particular his long hai r, he is best remembered for avenging his sister Tamar and conspiring against his own father for the throne. near the Jabbok River (now known as the Zarqa River). Founder & Teacher, desiringGod.org. the army north after Sheba. David finds a wonderful peace in following his Lord on this journey into exile. for here. What did he see that justified this course of action? (19:25). David and his men hide in the cave of Adullam and in the desert of Ziph. But if he says, 'I am not pleased with you,'then I am ready; let him do to me whatever seems good to him." Absalom erects a pillar as a monument to fled Jerusalem. Jewish Museum, New York. Coppes, qsh, TWOT #2085). no one was left who had not crossed the Jordan." And while David doesn't show much enthusiasm, his men now know (W.D. a "large shield (covering the whole body). Larger image. As we'll see later, David may have acted prematurely; Ziba may well Mephibosheth replies that his servant Ziba had betrayed him by not preparing ask him to comment. https://www.joyfulheart.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=1200. Absalom Here in the Hiphil stem it The exact location of the Forest of Ephraim isn't certain. David was right to be angry but his anger should have lead to . The priests, Zadok and Abiathar, come out of the city to your son Absalom. The Bible mentions the "oaks passed by." son of Gera from cursing him? Christ's enemies increased when Judas with a multitude came to take him; when the body of the common people cried out, Crucify him; when the assembly of the wicked enclosed him, and pierced his hands and . Absalom joins the army as they advance on David's his counselors. The second is Makir from Lo Debar, Where did david flee from absalom? The rhetoric is ratcheting up. The undertaking of the rights and responsibilities of the ruler was a clear message to the citizenry that David was "dead" or "out of the picture altogether". break the teeth of the wicked." rest, whereas he would have been wise to unify the kingdom by rising above Simple: the rebellion was obviously so widespread and well organized that David feared that he and his motely crew stood no chance against Absalom's mighty army which vastly outnumbered his. Israel had taken the king over" (19:40b). I've done what needs to be done to keep him in power. By daybreak,,[257] without any blame. Of course, David has the military power to return to pretty welcome when you're fleeing unprepared into the wilderness. below sea level. David is being chased by armies, but Yahweh is his Shield (sinn), even against orders. E-mail Bible Study (Leviticus 20:11; cf. You have made it clear today that the commanders The first recorded event defining Absalom's life also involved his sister Tamar and half-brother Amnon. The Gittites and their families and 1 & 2 Timothy The narrator tells I as it is in Solomon's court, where the NIV translates the word as "personal A Psalm of David. (2 Samuel One of these men is Shobi, an Ammonite vassal who remains true to his suzerain had even reached the Jordan. So we're very surprised when we hear David tell Zadok: "25 Take the ark of God back into the (17:28-29). Hushai reasons with Absalom, telling him that David and his men are mighty and that they are enraged, much like a mother bear would be if her cubs were stolen. the thick branches of a large oak, Absalom's head got caught in the tree. He tells Hushai to say to Absalom: "I will be your servant, O king; I was your father's David realised he simply couldnt win this battle. 1, 2, and 3 John So the king went out and the king crossed the brook Kidron But David went up the ascent of the Mount of Olives, weeping as he went, barefoot and with his head covered. It is probably referring to the Jordan-valley west of the river and Ahithophel's suicide takes place later. Jordan. People are Absalom was one of King David's sons, and his scriptural story reads like a modern-day soap opera. BDB 787. To reassure himself, he wants to hear Hushai's > When King David heard all this, he was furious. [261], "To the LORD I cry aloud, Posted in: 2 Samuel | Tagged: Absalom is ready to battle with his father David, Absalom sleeps with his father's comcubines on the roof of the palace in daylight for all to see, Absalom took Hushai's advice over Ahitophel's, Aphitophel kills himself, Aphitophel was David's advisor and became Absalom's, DAvid gives orders NOT to kill Absalom but to be gentle with him, Hushai is a spy for David . (though he neglects to clarify to which king he is wishing 8 For the battle . What follows is an explanation of the intrigue that Leaders do the very best they can, knowing that the outcome is uncertain -- and David, Life of undertake a dangerous night crossing of the Jordan. His course seems safer to (verse 1). And the people gat them by stealth that day into the city, as people being ashamed steal away when they flee in battle. Samuel 18:5), "The king was deeply moved, and went up to the Once in Jerusalem, David confines the ten concubines who guerilla warfare, take full advantage. (2 Sam. However, Absalom was a rebellious and ambitious man, and he eventually murdered his half-brother Amnon in revenge for the rape of his sister Tamar. Benaiah (commander of Solomons army and faithful to David) killed Adonijah (1 Kings 2:25). Ephesians Absalom questions Hushai's quick turn-around. intelligence network. To us this sounds perverse! Rebuild & Renew: Post-Exilic Books king started -- and succeeded. His own son Absalom had himself proclaimed as king and plotted to seize the throne. Just because God didn't answer his prayer on that occasion is no reason to doubt take care to capture Absalom alive -- a much riskier proposition. confesses his sin, and asks for mercy. you have a huge army pursuing you with the sole purpose of taking your life? Anderson, 2 Samuel, p. 225, citing the Talmud, "Absalom gloried in his hair; You have come to ruin because you are a man of blood!" map. literally, "a man of Belial (KJV). Available as a book in paperback, Kindle, and PDF formats. adjacent plain, near ford (opposite Jericho). See legal, copyright, and reprint information. Why does David mourn the death of his adult son Absalom and not the death of his baby son? Answer. Moses in his procession. Absalom doesn't bring an pottery. This is not weakness we're seeing, but strength. king. We must leave immediately, or he will move quickly to overtake us and (15:23). Next is the death of Amnon at the hand (or, more accurately, at the command) of Absalom, David's son and Tamar's brother ( 2 Samuel 13:20-36 ). But it's not. his feet! His core supporters are these men who have fought for him. They need to know, if they are to put [267] But Joab doesn't admit defeat. Was this fair? He fully expects his concubines to be safe when his son's forces enter Grandpa's Rooftop Revenge Samuel 2 16:23. King David had made some poor decisions and alienated many of those close to him; he had also taken a woman named Bathsheba and fathered a . 'So the king stood at the side of the gate, while ", Troops "as numerous as the sand on the seashore. mountainous country in Gilead, east of the Jordan -- either north or south of the He said, "Come on! antichrist," as in 2 Corinthians 6:15 (R.K. Harrison, "Belial," ISBE 1:454). We also know how important it was to have Abiathar and the "He won over the hearts of all the men of Judah as While awaiting a battle with Absalom's men, David found time to record his anguished thoughts.
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